Publications: Coalitions

Showing entries 1 - 20 out of 42
Coalition Bargaining Time and Governments’ Policy-Making Productivity. / Bäck, Hanna (Corresponding author); Bergman, Matthew; Müller, Wolfgang C.
In: European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 63, No. 4, 11.2024, p. 1263-1285.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Coalition agreements and governments’ policy-making productivity. / Bergman, Matthew (Corresponding author); Angelova, Mariyana; Bäck, Hanna et al.
In: West European Politics, Vol. 47, No. 1, 07.10.2024, p. 31-60.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Affective polarization and coalition signals. / Wagner, Markus; Praprotnik, Katrin.
In: Political Science Research and Methods, Vol. 12, No. 2, 01.04.2024, p. 336-353.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Elite Cooperation and Affective Polarization: Evidence From German Coalitions. / Wagner, Markus; Harteveld, Eelco.
In: Political Studies, 2024.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


The Architecture of Coalition Governance. / Ecker, Alejandro; Meyer, Thomas; Müller, Wolfgang C.
New Developments in the Study of Coalition Governments. ed. / Patrick Dumont; Bernard Grofman; Torbjörn Bergman; Tom Louwerse. Springer Nature, 2024.

Publications: Contribution to bookChapter


Coalition Dynamics: Advances in the Study of the Coalition Life Cycle. / Müller, Wolfgang C.; Bäck, Hanna; Hellström, Johan.
In: West European Politics, Vol. 47, No. 1, 20.10.2023, p. 1-30.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Coalition Mood in European Parliamentary Democracies. / Imre, Michael (Corresponding author); Ecker, Alejandro; Meyer, Thomas M. et al.
In: British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 53, No. 1, 01.01.2023, p. 104-121.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


AUTNES Manual Content Analysis of the Media Coverage 2013: Actors and Issues Add-on (SUF edition): Version 1. Kritzinger, Sylvia (Author); Gründl, Johann (Author); Oberluggauer, Patricia (Author) et al.. 2022.

Publications: Electronic/multimedia outputSoftware or database


Who's to blame? How performance evaluation and partisanship influence responsibility attribution in grand coalition governments. / Kritzinger, Sylvia; Plescia, Carolina; Spoon, Jae-Jae.
2022. 660-677 Paper presented at Democracy Divided? People, Politicians and the Politics of Populism, Wien, Austria.

Publications: Contribution to conferencePaper


Ministerial Autonomy, Parliamentary Scrutiny and Government Reform Output in Parliamentary Democracies. / Bäck, Hanna; Müller, Wolfgang C. (Corresponding author); Angelova, Mariyana et al.
In: Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 55, No. 2, 02.2022, p. 254–286.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Ministerial Autonomy, Parliamentary Scrutiny and Government Reform Output in Parliamentary Democracies. / Bäck, Hanna; Müller, Wolfgang C.; Angelova, Mariyana et al.
2022. 254-286 Paper presented at European Political Science Association 9th Annual Conference, Belfast, United Kingdom.

Publications: Contribution to conferencePaperPeer Reviewed


Making and Breaking Coalitions: Strategic Sophistication and Prosociality in Majority Decisions. / Sauermann, Jan; Schwaninger, Manuel; Kittel, Bernhard.
In: European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 71, 102064, 01.2022.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


When marriage gets hard: Intra-coalition conflict and electoral accountability. / Plescia, Carolina; Kritzinger, Sylvia.
In: Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2022, p. 32-59.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Austria: Phasing-out Grand Coalition Government. / Müller, Wolfgang C.
Coalition Governance in Western Europe. ed. / Thorbjörn Bergman; Hanna Bäck; Johan Hellström. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021. p. 41-80.

Publications: Contribution to bookChapterPeer Reviewed


The political dynamics of portfolio design in European democracies. / Sieberer, Ulrich; Meyer, Thomas; Bäck, Hanna et al.
In: British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 51, No. 2, 04.2021, p. 772-787.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


AUTNES Online Panel Study 2017 (SUF edition): Version 4. Kritzinger, Sylvia (Author); Boomgaarden, Hajo (Author); Müller, Wolfgang C. (Author) et al.. 2020.

Publications: Electronic/multimedia outputWeb publication


AUTNES Post Post Election Survey 2009 (SUF edition). Kritzinger, Sylvia (Author); Aichholzer, Julian (Author); Johann, David (Author) et al.. 2020.

Publications: Electronic/multimedia outputSoftware or database


AUTNES Rolling-Cross-Section Panel Study 2013 (SUF edition): Version 1.0. Kritzinger, Sylvia (Author); Johann, David (Author); Aichholzer, Julian (Author) et al.. 2020.

Publications: Electronic/multimedia outputSoftware or database


Showing entries 1 - 20 out of 42

Publications: Party competition

Showing entries 1 - 20 out of 265
The more you know…? How disclosures, persuasion knowledge training, and political fit impact cognitive processing of targeted political ads. / Noetzel, Selina (Corresponding author); Binder, Alice; Matthes, Jörg.
In: International Journal of Advertising , Vol. 44, No. 3, 02.2025, p. 516-536.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Coalition Bargaining Time and Governments’ Policy-Making Productivity. / Bäck, Hanna (Corresponding author); Bergman, Matthew; Müller, Wolfgang C.
In: European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 63, No. 4, 11.2024, p. 1263-1285.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Exploring digital campaign competence: the role of knowledge in data-driven election campaigns. / Minihold, Sophie; Lecheler, Sophie; de Vreese, Claes.
In: Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 19.10.2024.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Coalition agreements and governments’ policy-making productivity. / Bergman, Matthew (Corresponding author); Angelova, Mariyana; Bäck, Hanna et al.
In: West European Politics, Vol. 47, No. 1, 07.10.2024, p. 31-60.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Citizens’ acceptance of data-driven political campaigning: A 25-country cross-national vignette study. / Vliegenthart, Rens; Vrielink, Jade; Dommett, Kate et al.
In: Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 42, No. 5, 10.2024, p. 1101-1119.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


New people, new policy: How personnel renewal in the party executive affects party policy change. The case of Austria. / Kaltenegger, Matthias; Müller, Wolfgang C.
In: Party Politics, 10.2024.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Social group appeals in party rhetoric: Effects on policy support and polarization. / Huber, Lena Maria; Meyer, Thomas; Wagner, Markus.
In: Journal of Politics, Vol. 86, No. 4, 10.2024, p. 1304-1318.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Austria's far-right party wins first national election since World War II. Kritzinger, Sylvia (Interviewee). 2024. ITV News.

Publications: Electronic/multimedia outputTelevision show


Affective Polarization in Europe. / Wagner, Markus.
In: European Political Science Review, Vol. 16, No. 3, 08.2024, p. 378-392.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Disinformation and the Brussels bubble: EU correspondents’ concerns and competences in a digital age. / Lecheler, Sophie; Katja, Gattermann; Aaldering, Loes.
In: Journalism, Vol. 25, No. 8, 08.2024, p. 1736-1753.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Affective polarization and coalition signals. / Wagner, Markus; Praprotnik, Katrin.
In: Political Science Research and Methods, Vol. 12, No. 2, 01.04.2024, p. 336-353.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


The influence of political fit, issue fit and targeted political advertising disclosures on persuasion knowledge, party evaluation and chilling effects. / Hirsch, Melanie (Corresponding author); Binder, Alice; Matthes, Jörg.
In: Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 42, No. 2, 04.2024, p. 554-573.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Living is easy with eyes closed: Avoidance of targeted political advertising in response to privacy concerns, perceived personalization, and overload. / Stubenvoll, Marlis (Corresponding author); Binder, Alice; Noetzel, Selina et al.
In: Communication Research (CR), Vol. 51, No. 2, 03.2024, p. 203-227.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


My Voters Should See This! What News Items Are Shared by Politicians on Facebook? / Boomgaarden, Hajo; Heidenreich, Tobias (Corresponding author); Eberl, Jakob-Moritz et al.
In: The International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 29, No. 1, 01.2024, p. 5-25.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Affective Polarization Among Radical‐Right Supporters: Dislike Differentiation and Democratic Support. / Vanagt, Jochem; Praprotnik, Katrin; Russo, Luana et al.
In: Politics and Governance, Vol. 12, 8531, 2024.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Conceptualizing affective polarization. / Iyengar, Shanto; Wagner, Markus.
Handbook of Affective Polarization. Edward Elgar, 2024.

Publications: Contribution to bookChapter


Digitize! Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Post-Election Survey 2024 (SUF edition). Pfaff, Katharina (Author); Kritzinger, Sylvia (Author); Partheymüller, Julia (Author) et al.. 2024. Das Archiv der österreichischen Sozialwissenschaften.

Publications: Electronic/multimedia outputWeb publication


Do online ads sway voters? Understanding the persuasiveness of online political ads. / Chu, Xiaotong (Corresponding author); Vliegenthart, Rens; Otto, Lukas et al.
In: Political Communication, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2024, p. 290-314.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Elite Cooperation and Affective Polarization: Evidence From German Coalitions. / Wagner, Markus; Harteveld, Eelco.
In: Political Studies, 2024.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Showing entries 1 - 20 out of 265

Publications: Media

Showing entries 1 - 20 out of 490
The dual impact of virtual reality: Examining the addictive potential and therapeutic applications of immersive media in the metaverse. / Bojić, Ljubiša; Matthes, Jörg; Samala, Agariadne Dwinggo et al.
In: Information, Communication & Society, 10.06.2025.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Health-related communication of social media influencers: A scoping review. / Kanková, Jaroslava; Binder, Alice; Matthes, Jörg.
In: Health Communication, Vol. 40, No. 7, 23.05.2025, p. 1300 – 1313.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Illusory superiority about misinformation detection and its relationship to knowledge and fact-checking intentions: Evidence from 18 countries. / Corbu, Nicoleta (Corresponding author); Halagiera, Denis ; Jin, Soyeon et al.
In: Mass Communication and Society , 12.05.2025.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Scanning vs. thorough processing the news: Antecedents of first- and second-level incidental exposure and the role of the relevance appraisal. / Nanz, Andreas; Kaskeleviciute, Ruta; Stubenvoll, Marlis et al.
In: Digital Journalism, 11.03.2025.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Silent sympathy: News attention, subtle support for far-right extremism, and negative attitudes toward Muslims. / Knupfer, Helena; Kaskeleviciute, Ruta; Matthes, Jörg.
In: Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 37, No. 2, 03.03.2025, p. 186 – 204.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Inconspicuous terrorists? Effects of terrorism news on attitudes and stereotypes about Muslims. / Kaskeleviciute, Ruta (Corresponding author); Knupfer, Helena; Matthes, Jörg.
In: Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 102, No. 1, 03.2025, p. 158-189.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Spurring or blurring professional standards? The role of digital technology in implementing journalistic role ideals in contemporary newsrooms. / Mothes, Cornelia (Corresponding author); Mellado, Claudia; Boudana, Sandrine et al.
In: Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 102, No. 1, 03.2025, p. 88-119.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Time to BeReal! Exploring users' well-being in relation to BeReal use duration. / Kanková, Jaroslava; Stevic, Anja; Binder, Alice et al.
In: New Media & Society, 19.02.2025.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


The relationship between incidental news exposure and political participation: A cross-country, multilevel analysis. / Matthes, Jörg; Zoizner, Alon; Nanz, Andreas et al.
In: Digital Journalism, 16.02.2025.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Showing entries 1 - 20 out of 490

Publications: Voting behavior and political attitudes

Value resonance and value framing effects on voting intentions in direct-­‐democratic campaigns. / Schemer, Christian; Wirth, Werner; Matthes, Jörg.
In: American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2012, p. 334-352.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Voting Behavior and Political Institutions: An Overview of Challenging Questions in Theory and Experimental Research. / Kittel, Bernhard; Marcinkiewicz, Kamil.
Experimental Political Science. Principles and Practices. ed. / Bernhard Kittel; Wolfgang Luhan; Rebecca Morton. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. p. 17-53.

Publications: Contribution to bookChapter


Affective Priming in Political Campaigns: How Campaign-Induced Emotions Prime Political Opinions. / Kühne, Rinaldo; Schemer, Christian; Matthes, Jörg et al.
In: International Journal of Public Opinion Research, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2011, p. 485-507.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Are We Taxing Ourselves? How Deliberation and Experience Shape Voting on Taxes. / Tyran, Jean-Robert; Sausgruber, Rupert (Corresponding author).
In: Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 95, No. 1-2, 2011, p. 164–176.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Explaining Individual and Regional Differences in Attitudes towards Multiculturalism. / Kritzinger, Sylvia; Hansen, Martin Ejnar.
2011. Paper presented at 69th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA), Chicago, Illinois, United States.

Publications: Contribution to conferencePaper


Income and Ideology: How Personality Traits, Cognitive Abilities, and Education Shape Political Attitudes. / Tyran, Jean-Robert; Morton, Rebecca; Wengström, Erik.
Unknown publisher, 2011.

Publications: Working paper


Inequality Aversion and Voting on Redistribution. / Tyran, Jean-Robert; Höchtl, Wolfgang; Sausgruber, Rupert.
Unknown publisher, 2011.

Publications: Working paper


Let the Experts Decide? Asymmetric Information, Abstention, and Coordination in Standing Committees. / Tyran, Jean-Robert; Morton, Rebecca (Corresponding author).
In: Games and Economic Behavior, Vol. 72, No. 2, 2011, p. 485-509.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Public goods and voting on formal sanction schemes. / Putterman, Louis; Tyran, Jean-Robert; Kamei, Kenju.
In: Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 95, No. 9-10, 2011, p. 1213-1222.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Self-Organization for Collective Action: An Experimental Study of Voting on Formal, Informal, and No Sanction Regimes. / Tyran, Jean-Robert; Markussen, Thomas (Corresponding author); Putterman, Louis (Corresponding author).
Unknown publisher, 2011.

Publications: Working paper


Socially Motivated Projection: Need to Belong Increases Perceived Opinion Consensus on Important Issues. / Morrison, Kimberly Rios; Matthes, Jörg.
In: European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2011, p. 707-719.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


When campaign messages meet ideology: The role of arguments for voting behaviour. / Wirth, Werner; Matthes, Jörg; Schemer, Christian.
Political communication in direct democratic campaigns: Enlightening or manipulating?. ed. / Hanspeter Kriesi. 1. ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. p. 188-204 (Challenges to Democracy in the 21st Century).

Publications: Contribution to bookChapter


Framing Serbia: The effects of news framing on public support for EU enlargement. / Lecheler, S. (Corresponding author); de Vreese, C.H.
In: European Political Science Review, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2010, p. 73-93.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Issue voting behaviour in Austria: de-alignment or re-alignment. / Kritzinger, Sylvia.
2010. Paper presented at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Münster 2010, Münster, Germany.

Publications: Contribution to conferencePaper


Public Goods and Voting on Formal Sanction Schemes: An Experiment. / Tyran, Jean-Robert; Putterman, Louis; Kamei, Kenju.
Department of Economics, Brown University, 2010.

Publications: Working paper


Voters’ dimensionality of political issues space in 15 countries. / Kritzinger, Sylvia.
2010. Paper presented at Elections, Public Opinion and Parties Annual Conference (EPOP 2010), Colchester, United Kingdom.

Publications: Contribution to conferencePaper


Voting on Thresholds for Public Goods: Experimental Evidence. / Tyran, Jean-Robert; Sausgruber, Rupert.
In: Finanzarchiv, Vol. 66, No. 1, 2010, p. 34-64.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Wie "europäisch" sind Österreichs Journalisten? Opinion Leaders im Vergleich. / Jenny, Marcelo; Müller, Wolfgang Claudius; Eder, Nikolaus.
Journalistenreport III - Politikjournalismus. ed. / Andy Kaltenbrunner; Matthias Karmasin; Daniela Kraus. Wien: Facultas, 2010. p. 33-48.

Publications: Contribution to bookChapter


Publications: Methodological research

Showing entries 1 - 20 out of 190
Heroes and villains: Motivated projection of political identities. / Turnbull-Dugarte, Stuart J.; Wagner, Markus.
In: Political Science Research and Methods, 2025.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Don’t Throw the Frame Out With the Bathwater: How Episodic News Frames Can Prevent Identity-Motivated Reasoning. / Boyer, Ming Manuel; Lecheler, Sophie; Aaldering, Loes.
In: Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 101, No. 4, 12.2024, p. 933-954.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Uncovering the audience perspective: A qualitative analysis of experiences and evaluations of two immersive journalism productions in the Netherlands. / Greber, Hannah; Lecheler, Sophie; Aaldering, Loes et al.
In: Journalism, Vol. 25, No. 11, 11.2024, p. 2383-2401.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Zooming in on topics: An investigation of the prevalence and motives for selective news avoidance. / Schäfer, Svenja (Corresponding author); Betakova, Dominika; Lecheler, Sophie.
In: Journalism Studies, Vol. 25, No. 12, 12.04.2024, p. 1423-1440.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Affective polarization and coalition signals. / Wagner, Markus; Praprotnik, Katrin.
In: Political Science Research and Methods, Vol. 12, No. 2, 01.04.2024, p. 336-353.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Automatically finding actors in texts: A performance review of multilingual named entity recognition tools for news texts. / Balluff, Paul; Boomgaarden, Hajo; Waldherr, Annie.
In: Communication Methods & Measures, Vol. 18, No. 4, 19.03.2024, p. 371–389.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Who gets lost? How digital academic reading impacts equal opportunity in higher education. / Kuhn, Axel (Corresponding author); Schwabe, Annika; Boomgaarden, Hajo et al.
In: New Media & Society, Vol. 26, No. 2, 02.2024, p. 1034-1055.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Tools of the Trade – When Are Software Tools Mentioned in Computational Text Analysis Research? / Stecker, Marvin; Balluff, Paul; Lind, Fabienne et al.
In: Computational Communication Research , Vol. 6, No. 1, 01.01.2024, p. 1-21.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


My Voters Should See This! What News Items Are Shared by Politicians on Facebook? / Boomgaarden, Hajo; Heidenreich, Tobias (Corresponding author); Eberl, Jakob-Moritz et al.
In: The International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 29, No. 1, 01.2024, p. 5-25.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Searching, selecting, and verifying: Online journalistic sourcing strategies. / de Haan, Yael; Kruikemeier, Sanne ; Lecheler, Sophie.
In: Tijdschrift voor Communicatiewetenschap, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2024, p. 150-176.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Capturing a News Frame - Comparing Machine-Learning Approaches to Frame Analysis with Different Degrees of Supervision. / Eisele, Olga (Corresponding author); Heidenreich, Tobias; Litvyak, Olga (Corresponding author) et al.
In: Communication Methods & Measures, Vol. 17, No. 3, 23.07.2023, p. 205-226.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Social campaigns to social change? Sexual violence framing in U.S. news before and after #metoo. / Noetzel, Selina; Mussalem Gentile, Maria F. ; Lowery, Gianna et al.
In: Journalism, Vol. 24, No. 6, 06.2023, p. 1232-1262.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Topic Model Validation Methods and their Impact on Model Selection and Evaluation. / Bernhard, Jana; Teuffenbach, Martin; Boomgaarden, Hajo G.
In: Computational Communication Research , Vol. 5, No. 1, 01.01.2023.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


If You Have Choices, Why Not Choose (and Share) All of Them? A Multiverse Ap-proach to Understanding News Engagement on Social Media. / Pipal, Christian (Corresponding author); Song, Hyunjin; Boomgaarden, Hajo.
In: Digital Journalism, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2023, p. 255-275.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Einführung in die Politikwissenschaft. / Kritzinger, Sylvia; Bernauer, Thomas; Detlef, Jahn et al.
2022.

Publications: BookPeer Reviewed


What’s the Benefit of a Video? The Effect of Nonmaterial Incentives on Response Rate and Bias in Web Surveys. / Kalleitner, Fabian; Mühlböck, Monika; Kittel, Bernhard.
In: Social Science Computer Review, Vol. 40, No. 3, 06.2022, p. 700-716.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Motivated Reasoning in Identity Politics: Group Status as a Moderator of Political Motivations. / Boyer, Ming Manuel (Corresponding author); Aaldering, Loes; Lecheler, Sophie.
In: Political Studies, Vol. 70, No. 2, 05.2022, p. 385-401.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Building the Bridge: Topic Modeling for Comparative Research. / Lind, Fabienne (Corresponding author); Eberl, Jakob-Moritz; Eisele, Olga et al.
In: Communication Methods & Measures, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2022, p. 96-114.

Publications: Contribution to journalArticlePeer Reviewed


Showing entries 1 - 20 out of 190